ITALIAN LOAN WORDS IN AZERBAIJANI

Prof. Dr. FARID ALAKBARLI

Institute of Manuscripts of the Azerbaijan National

Academy of Sciences,

1. Introduction

Azerbaijan is a country at crossroads of numerous cultures, religions and civilizations. Since antiquity this land was known as a bridge between Europe and Asia. In the 2nd millennium BC, Azerbaijan was located on the path of migrations of Indo-European and Caucasian peoples. From the 4th century BC to 7th century AD, it was famous as important center of Zoroastrianism. In different periods, the Scythian, Hun, Mongolian, Seljuk and Turcoman tribes invaded Azerbaijan and settled here. Silk Road – the caravan way from China to Europe – passed through Azerbaijan. Various races, nations, cultures, religions and languages met and mixed here. Such religions as Zoroastrianism, Shamanism, Islam and Christianity, and such languages as Assyrian, Turkic, Arabic, Persian, Mongolian, Greek, Russian, Italian, Hebrew and German coexisted and influenced each other in Azerbaijan.

Azerbaijani (or Azeri) is the official language of the Republic of Azerbaijan and is spoken in some other countries. According to statistics from 2009, there are approximately 40 to 47 million native Azerbaijani speakers in the World. Huge population lives in Iran (circa 26 to 33 million). Around 8 million live in Azerbaijan Republic, and 6 millions in Turkey, Georgia, Russia, USA, Canada, Germany and other countries. In addition, Azeri is mutually intelligible with other Oghuz languages, which include the Turkish language as it is spoken in Turkey, the Caucasus, Cyprus, the Balkans, Iraq, Syria, and Western Europe, as well as the Turkmen language. The total number of people speaking Oghuz languages (Azeri, Turkish, Turkmen and some other small Oghuz languages) is around 120-125 million individuals and 40-47 millions of them are Azeris.

As it has been already noted Azeri is a Turkic language of the Oghuz branch, closely related to Turkish and also historically influenced by Persian and Arabic. It is an agglutinative language. In other words, morphemes (word units) are added (usually as suffixes) to modify the meaning of words. Prehistory of Oghuz languages is related with the Orkhon-Yenisey runic inscriptions which date back to the 5th-7th centuries AD, and the early-medieval heroic epos “Kitabi-Dede Korkut” (The Book of My Grandfather Korkut).

During the Middle Ages, the literary Oguz (proto-Azeri) was developed by such poets as Hasanoglu (Pur-Hasan) – 13th c., Imadaddin Nasimi or Nesimi (1370-1417), Shah Ismail Khatai (1487-1524) and Fuzuli (1493-1156). It was complicated language of aristocratic elite, which was not clear for a wide-range of common people in Azerbaijan. The folk Azeri language was developed by Ashugs (minstrels) like Molla Panah Vagif (1717-1797) whose amazing lyrical verses are still popular in Azerbaijan.

During the first half of the 20th century, the new literary Azeri based on the lively folk language was finally formed. In 1923 AD, alphabet in Azerbaijan was changed from Arabic to Latin, and it greatly contributed to process of Westernization in all spheres of life (Alakbarov 2000). The European science, culture and music became spread in Azerbaijan, and Western scientific terms were adopted. Namely in this period many Italian words penetrated into scientific and cultural lexica of Azerbaijan. After 1930s, there were not essential changes in vocabulary of literary Azeri.

Despite Azeri is the Turkic language, many words were adopted from Arabic and Persian during the Middle Ages. These words constitute almost 50% of the literary Azeri. As from the second half of the 19th century, some words penetrated into Azeri from Russian, English, French, Italian and other Western languages. During 1980-2007, few words were adopted also from Turkish of Turkey which is the related to Azeri language. However, the European and Turkish loan-words are not numerous and constitute only about 2 % of modern Azeri.

Relations between Azerbaijan and Italy have very ancient history, which dates back to the era of Roman Empire. Despite the Italian and Azeri languages did not exist in those times, texts in Latin were found in Azerbaijan. For example in the Gobustan National Park near Baku was discovered a stone with Latin inscription that dates back to the 1st century AD: "Emperor Domitianus, the Blessed Caesar Germanicus. Livius Maximus, Legio XII Fulminata". It proves that some Roman legions could reach the areas around Baku in the 1st century AD. According to Strabo, in 65 BC the Roman General Pompey invaded Kingdom of Caucasian Albania (the present-day Northern Azerbaijan) and was at war with its king Orois.

Roman inscription in Gobustan.

The Emperor Mark Anthony struggled gainst Artavazd, the ruler of Atropatena (the Hellenistic kingdom in Southern Azerbaijan) and was defeated. However in 35 BC Rome and Azerbaijan became allies against the Parthian Empire. Alexander Helios, the son of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra, was engaged with Iotapa, the daughter of Artavazd, the king of Atropatena. (see History of Azerbaijan 2002).

In the 4th century AD, the Caucasian Albania kingdom (the present-day Northern Azerbaijan) adopted Christianity. During the early medieval period this Orthodox country had the tight political and cultural relations with Byzantium (Kalankatuaci 1961). From Constantinople they got religious, secular and scientific literature in Latin and Greek. In 5th – 6th centuries, Latin was taught in church schools of Caucasian Albania. For example, “Eneida” by Vergilius and other Latin authors were studied. In the 7th-8th centuries, Azerbaijan was conquered by Arabs and converted to Islam, after which Latin lost its importance, and was replaced by Arabic.

One of villages around Baku is named “Romani”. This word may be associated with Rome and the Romans legions which visited Baku in the 1st century AD or later. Besides, under the term “Romans” might be mentioned the Eastern Roman Empire, i.e. Byzantium. The official self-name of this state was not Byzantium, but the Roman Empire, and this country was named “Rum”, “Roman” or “Ruman” in Azeri too. The ruler of Northern Azerbaijan shirvanshah Akhsitan I Kesranid (ruled in 1160-1196 AD) was the cousin of the Emperor Andronic Comnen, and in 1174 AD the Byzantine troops came to Baku to help Akhsitan to beat off the invasion of Russian fleet. The toponym “Ramani” might appear as a result of such contacts (see History of Azerbaijan 2002).

Since the 12th century, relations of Azerbaijan with Rome, Venetian and Genoese Republics started to develop. In the 13th century, Marco Polo (1254-1323?) wrote about the famous kinds of silk produced in the Shirvan province of Azerbaijan. In those times, Genoese traders founded their colonies on the shores of Caspian. They bargained silk, carpets, jewelry and other goods. Italians even had vessels in Caspian. During the rule of sheikh Uveis Jalairid (1356-1374), the Genoese merchants owned lands in the vicinity of Tabriz, the capital of Southern Azerbaijan, and even attempted to build a castle near this city (Petrushevski 1949).

The first Venetian ambassador in Azerbaijan was Ambrogio Contarini (died in 1499). In 1474 he was forwarded to the court of Uzun Hasan Akkoyunlu (Hasan the Long), the king of Azerbaijan who controlled the western Iran and Iraq. The ambassador tried to persuade Uzun Hasan to start a war against Ottoman Empire in alliance with the Republic of Venetia. In 1487, Contarini published a book about his travel to Azerbaijan, Persia, Russia and other countries (Petrushevski 1949).

Marco Polo (the 16^th century

unknown Italian artist).

Relations between Rome, Venetian Republic and Azerbaijan strengthened during the rule of Shah Ismail I Safavid (1487-1524), the Azeri ruler of Iran. Shah Ismail was born in Aradabil city in Southern Azerbaijan. After 1500 AD, Ismail captured royal power in Azerbaijan and entire Iran. Then, he was visited by ambassadors from Papas and Venetian Doge who tried to involve him in the war against Ottoman Empire (Efendiyev 1981). Shah Ismail wrote lyrical verses in Azeri under the pseudonym Khatayi, where he used some Roman words like “Keysar” (“Caesar”), “Rum” (“Rome”), etc.

Starting from the second half of the 19th century AD, influence of European culture in Azerbaijan became even stronger. The essential influence of Italian to Azeri begins from 20th century with increasing Westernization in all spheres of life in Azerbaijan. Some classical buildings in the center of Baku were built in the end of the 19th and beginning of 20th by the Italian architects. In 1918, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) was declared, and in 1919 the embassy of Azerbaijan in Italy was created. In 1920, Azerbaijan was annexed by Soviet Russia. The embassy was reopened in 1990s after regaining of independence.

2. Lexicographic situation and methods of identification of Italianisms in Azerbaijani.

The linguistic relations of Azeri with Russian, Arabic, Persian and French have been studied in certain extent. However the Azeri-Italian linguistic communications were not satisfactorily investigated.

To establish a total number of Italian words used in Azeri the “Orthographical Dictionary of Azeri” (OD) has been studied. The last edition of this dictionary includes almost all words which are used in literary Azeri. It contains about 80 000 lexical units. The difficulty of this work was related with the fact that the orthographical dictionary gives only alphabetical list of Azeri words without explanation of their origins and meanings. Therefore for identifying the Italian words used in Azeri, the additional literature was analyzed. The Italian-Azeri and Azeri-Italian Dictionary and Glossary of Foreign Words have been analyzed as well.

Besides, the OD does not include words which are not used in the literary language, i.e. non-formal, jargon, slang and dialect words. Despite almost all Italian words used in Azeri are parts of literary language, a few words are used in slang too. As these words are used orally, they have been included in the list of Italian words used in Azeri with the ‘pers.com.” (personal communication) notification.

3. Italianisms in Azerbaijani language.

As a result of the present study a total of 130 root words of Italian origin have been found in Azeri. Most of these words penetrated into Azeri through Russian when Azerbaijan was the part of the Russian Empire (1813-1918). This process continued after declaration of the independent Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918-1920), and when the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic became the part of the Soviet Union (1922-1991).

60 Azeri derivations of these words have been identified too. These derivations were created by adding Azeri endings (mostly suffixes) to Italian loan-words.

Orthographical Dictionary of the Azerbaijani

Language , Baku, Lider Press, 2004

For example, the Azeri verb Fontanlamaq (to gush, to gush force) was created from the Italian noun Fontan (Fontana). Other examples: the nouns Fleytaçi (Flutist) and Fleytaçalan (Flutist, Flute player) are derived from the Italian loan-word Fleyta (Flauto) with the help of two Azeri endings “çi” (corresponds to the English “ist” in Flutist) and “çalan” (“music performer”, “musician”). The word Komediantlıq (hypocrisy, playing a part) was created by adding the Azeri ending “lıq” to the adopted Italian word Komediant (Commediante). The complex word Konsertarası (between the parts of the Concert) consists from two words: the Italian word Concerto and the Azeri word Arası (between, in the middle).

Creation of so many Azeri derivations from the adopted Italian words proves that these words are completely integrated into Azeri. Common people use such words as Fontan (Fontana), Bandit (Bandito), Avariya (Avaria), Konsert (Concerto) not knowing that they are of Italian origin.

Regarding to the fields of their application (see Table 1), most of Italian words used in Azeri are related with music, theater and ballet (77, 59 %). These are such words as Akkord (Akkordo), Ariya (Aria), Konsert (Concerto), Opera (Opera), Operetta (Operetta), etc. Until beginning of the 20th century, the Azeri music was based on the ancient Oriental genres like Mugham (Makam) and others. Most of musical terms used in Azerbaijan were of the Azeri Turkish, Arabic and Persian origin. Italian musical terms began to spread in Azerbaijan in the beginning of the 20th century, when the classical European music like Opera, Operetta and Ballet emerged and started to develop in Azerbaijan.

The brilliant Azeri composer Uzeyir Hajibeyov (1885-1948) played a great part in this process. During the 1908-1920, he compiled such Azeri national operas and operettas as “Leyli ve Majnun” (Leyli and Majnun”, 1908), ”O Olmasin bu Olsun” (“If Not This One, That One”, 1911), “Arshin Mal Alan” (“Cloth Peddler”, 1913), etc. These works were based on the Azeri national music which was expressed by the European “musical tongue” like opera and operetta. Development of national opera and ballet was accompanied with adoption of Italian musical terms. For example, Uzeyir Hajibeyov wrote textbooks in Azeri on Solfeggio and other musical disciplines where he used many Italian musical terms. His work was continued by other famous Azeri composers like Muslim Magomayev, Kara Karayev and Fikret Amirov. However, the process of intensive inflow of Italian musical terms into Azeri was terminated in 1920-1930s.

Italian words from other fields are used in Azeri as well. For example: Avariya (Avaria), Bandit (Bandito), Fontan (Fontana), Freska (Fresco), Mafiya (Mafia), etc. Despite all these words came from Italian, now they are widely and actively used in Azeri, and became inseparable part of this language.

4. RESULTS

As a result of the resent study a total of 190 Italian words used in modern Azeri have been identified (Table 2). From them, 130 are root words adopted from Italian, while 60 are Azeri derivations from these words.

The identified words have been classified according to the field of their application (Table 1). Most of these words are related with arts, especially with music, theatre and ballet (104 words or 54,5 %), as well as with sculpture, painting and literature (20 words or 10,5%).

Table 1. Classification of Italian words used in Azeri.

FIELD	QUANTITY OF WORDS	%
music (MUS), theater (TEATRO) and ballet (COR)	77	59
sculpture (SCULT), painting (PITT), literature (LETT), ART, CERAM	11	8,5
Politic (POLIT) and history (ST)	6	4,6
biology: names of animals (ZOOL) and plants (BOT)	5	3,8
Finances (FIN, COMM)	5	3,8
Architecture (ARCH)	4	3
Food (GASTR)	4	3
Other or with no mark	18	14
TOTAL	130	100%

Azerbaijani alphabet and its short graphic-phonetic explanation.

The Azeri alphabet is the same as the Turkish alphabet, except for ə, x, and q, which do not exist in Turkish. Stress normally falls on the last syllable of a word. Below is given the transcription of Azeri letters according to IPA system.

A a [ɑ:], B b [b], C c [ʤ], Ç ç [ʧ], D d [d], E e [ɛ], Ə ə [æ], F f [f], G g [gʲ], Ğ ğ [ɣ], H h [h], X x [x], I ı [ɯ], İ i [ɪ], J j [ʒ], K k [k], Q q [g], L l [l], M m [m], N n [n], O o [ɔ], Ö ö [œ], P p [p], R r [r], S s [s], Ş ş [ʃ], T t [t], U u [u], Ü ü [y], V v [v], Y y [j], Z z [z]

Table 2. List of Italian words used in Azeri.

ABBREVIATIONS.

music (MUS), theater (TEATRO), ballet (COR), sculpture (SCULT), painting (PITT), literature (LETT), ART, CERAM, Politic (POLIT), history (ST), biology: names of animals (ZOOL), plants (BOT), Finances (FIN, COMM), Architecture (ARCH), Food (GASTR).

Normal Font – Loan-words adopted from Italian.

Italic - Azeri derivations from these loan-words.

Sources

OD – Orthographical dictionary [11]

Pers.com. – Personal communication.

#	AZERI SPELLING	BASE ITALIANA DI PARTENZA	MEANING İN ENGLİSH	SOURCE
1	Adajio (MUS)	Adagio	Slow pace in music	OD: 22
2	Akkord (MUS)	Accordo	Chord	OD: 32
3	Alleqretto (MUS)	Allegretto	Moderately rapid pace in music	OD: 37
4	Alleqro (MUS)	Allegro	Rapid pace in music	OD: 37
5	Alto (MUS)	Alto	Alto	OD: 39
6	Andante (MUS)	Andante	Andante	OD: 41
7	Apassionata (MUS)	Appassionata	Kind of musical composition	OD: 48
8	Arxivolt (ARCH)	Archivolto	Jambs and lintels of an arch	OD: 48
9	Ariozo (MUS)	Arioso	Arioso	OD: 48
10	Aristro (MUS)	Aristro	Aristro (musical term)	OD: 48
11	Ariya (MUS)	Aria	Aria	OD: 48
12	Ariyetta (MUS)	Arietta	Arietta	OD: 48
13	Arlekin (TEATRO)	Arlecchino	Harlequin	OD: 48
14	Arpedcio (MUS)	Arpeggio	Arpeggio	OD: 49
15	Avariya	Avaria	Wreck, crush	OD: 57
16	Avizo (FIN)	Avviso	Letter to advice	OD: 58
17	Balerina (COR)	Ballerina	Female ballet-dancer	OD: 70
18	Balet (COR)	Balletto	Ballet	OD: 70
[	Baletçi	< Balletto	Ballet-master	OD: 70
	Balet-nağıl	< Balletto	Ballet-tale	OD: 70
	Balet-oratoriya	Balletto-oratorio	Ballet-oratorio	OD: 70]
19	Bal-kanto (MUS)	Bel canto	Bel canto	OD: 77
20	Banda	Banda	Band, gang	OD: 71
21	Bandit	Bandito	Bandit	OD: 71
[	Banditcəsinə	< Bandito	In bandit way, like a bandit	OD: 71]
22	Banditizm	Banditismo	Gangsterism	OD: 71
[	Banditlik	Banditismo	Gangsterism	OD: 71]
23	Bariton (MUS)	Baritono	Baritone	OD: 72
24	Barkarola (MUS)	Barcarola	Barcarole	OD: 72
25	Barokko (ARCH)	Barocco	Baroque	OD: 73
26	Bas (MUS)	Basso	Bass	OD: 73
27	Bas-bariton (MUS)	Basso-baritono	Bass-baritone	OD: 73
28	Belladon (BOT)	Belladonna	Belladonna	OD: 77
29	Belveder (ARCH)	Belvedere	Belvedere	OD: 78
30	Brokkoli (BOT)	Broccolo	Kind of cabbage	OD: 79
31	Çao	Ciao	Ciao	Pers. Com.
32	Do (MUS)	Do	Do (musical note)	OD: 176
33	Doj (ST)	Doge	Head of the Venetian or Genoese republics	OD: 179
34	Faqot (MUS)	Fagotto	Musical instrument	OD: 225
35	Faşist (POLIT)	Fascista	Fascist, Nazi	OD: 226
[	Faşistləşdirilmək	< Fascista	To be fascisized; to be turned into fascist.	OD: 226
	Faşistləşdirilmiş	< Fascista	Fascisized; smb. who became like fascist; smth. which became like fascism	OD: 226
	Faşistləşdirmə	< Fascista	Fascisization (introducing or spreading fascism)	OD: 226
	Faşistləşdirmək	< Fascista	To spread fascism	OD: 226
	Faşistləşmə	< Fascista	To turn into fascist	OD: 226
	Faşistləşmək	< Fascista	To become fascisized ( like fascist)	OD: 226
	Faşistləşmiş	< Fascista	Fascisized, one who became like fascist, similar to fascist	OD: 226
	Faşistlik	< Fascismo	Fascism	OD: 226
	Faşistpərəstlik	< Fascismo	Love of fascism	OD: 226]
36	Faşizm (POLIT)	Fascismo	Fascism	OD: 226
37	Fiasko	Fiasco	Fiasco (failure, disaster)	OD: 230
38	Fleyta (MUS)	Flauto	Flute (musical instrument)	OD: 234
[	Fleytaçalan	< Flauto	Flutist	OD: 234
	Fleytaçı	< Flauto	Flutist	OD: 234]
39	Fontan (ARCH)	Fontana	Fountain	OD: 234
[	Fontanlama	< Fontana	Gushing, gushing force	OD: 234
	Fontanlamaq	< Fontana	To gush, to gush force	OD: 234
	Fontanvuran	< Fontana	Something that gushes, gushes force	OD: 234
	Fontanvurma	< Fontana	Gushing, gushing force	OD: 234]
40	Forte (MUS)	Forte	Strongly, loudly	OD: 235
41	Fortepiano (MUS)	Forte + Piano	Piano	OD: 235
[	Fortepianoçu	< Forte + Piano	Pianist	OD: 235]
42	Fortissimo (MUS)	Fortissimo	Very loudly	OD: 235
43	Freska (PITT)	Fresco	Fresco	OD: 237
[	Freska-rəsm	< Fresco	Fresco-Picture	OD: 237]
44	Fuqa (MUS)	Fuga	Fug (musical composition)	OD: 237
45	Fuqato (MUS)	Fugato	Fugato (musical composition)	OD: 238
46	Getto	Ghetto	Ghetto	OD: 241
47	İmpressario (TEATRO, MUS)	Impresario	Impresario	OD: 302
48	Kadensiya (MUS)	Cadenza	Cadenza	OD: 320
49	Kansona (MUS)	Canzone	Canzone	OD: 323
50	Kansonette (MUS)	Canzonetta	Canzonet	OD: 323
51	Kantabile (MUS)	Cantabile	Cantabile	OD: 323
52	Kantata (MUS)	Cantata	Cantata	OD: 323
53	Kantilen (MUS)	Cantilena	Cantilena	OD: 323
54	Kapriççio (MUS)	Capriccio	Capriccio	OD: 323
55	Katakomba	Catacomba	Catacomb	OD: 323
56	Kavaler	Cavaliere	Cavalier	OD: 327
57	Kavatina (MUS)	Cavatina	Little aria	OD: 327
58	Kolorit (PITT)	Colorito	Coloring, color	OD: 344
[	Koloritli	< Colorito	Picturesque, vivid	OD: 344]
59	Komediant (TEATRO)	Commediante	Comedian (actor)	OD: 344
[	Komediantlıq	< Commediante	Hypocrisy, playing a part	OD: 344]
60	Konsert (MUS)	Concerto	Concert	OD: 347
[	Konsertarası	< Concerto	Between two parts of the concert	OD: 347]
61	Konsertino (MUS)	Concertino	Concertino	OD: 347
[	Konsertqabağı	< Concerto	Prior to concert, before the concert	OD: 347
	Konsert-oçerk	< Concerto	Concerto-essay, concerto-story	OD: 347]
62	Konsert-rapsodiya (MUS)	Concerto-rapsodia	Concerto-rhapsody	OD: 347
[	Konsertrçi	< Concerto	Concertmaster	OD: 347]
63	Kontraband	Contrabbando	Contraband	OD: 348
or	Kontrabanda	Contrabando	Contraband	OD: 348
[	Kontrabandaçı		Contrabandist	OD: 348
	Kontrabandaçılıq		Contraband as profession	OD: 348]
64	Kontrabas (MUS)	Contrabbasso	Contrabass	OD: 348
[	Kontrabasçalan	< Contrabbasso	Contrabassist	OD: 348]
65	Kontrafaqot (MUS)	Contrafaqotto	Contrafagot	OD: 348
66	Kontralto (MUS)	Contralto	Contralto	OD: 348
67	Kvartet (MUS)	Quartetto	Quartette	OD: 362
[	Kvartet-poema	Quartetto-poema	Quartette-poem	OD: 362]
68	Kvattroçento (MUS, LETT, ART)	Quattrocento	Quattro cento	OD: 362
69	Kvintet (MUS)	Quimtetto	Quintet	OD: 362
70	Qlissando (MUS)	Glissando	Glissando	OD: 401
71	Qondola	Gondola	Gondola	OD: 403
[	Qondolaçı	gondoliere	Gondolier	OD: 403]
72	Qranat	Granata	Grenade (little bomb)	OD: 408
[	Qranatatan	< Granata	Grenade cup discharger, grenade thrower.	OD: 408]
73	Qranit (MINERAL)	Granito	Granite	OD: 408
[	Qranitləşmə	< Granito	Turning into granite	OD: 408]
74	Larqo (MUS)	Largo	Largo	OD: 408
75	Leqato (MUS)	Legato	Legato	OD: 419
76	Libretto (MUS)	Libretto	Libretto	OD: 423
[	Librettoçu	< Libretto	Librettist	OD: 423]
77	Lirə (FIN)	Lira	Lira (money)	OD: 424
78	Madonna (RELIG)	Madonna	Madonna	OD: 428
79	Madrepor (ZOOL)	Madrepora	Madrepora (species of corals)	OD: 428
80	Maestro (MUS)	Maestro	Maestro	OD: 428
81	Mafioz	Mafiosi	Mafiosi	OD: 428
82	Mafiya	Mafia	Mafia	OD: 428
	Mafiyaçı	Mafiosi	Mafiosi	OD: 428]
83	Makaron (GASTR)	Maccharoni	Macaroni (food)	OD: 429
84	Makaronizm (LETT)	Stile maccharonico	The Macaroni Style (in literature)	OD: 429
85	Makiavellizm (POLIT)	Machiavellismo	Machiavellism	OD: 429
86	Makkiavellist (POL)	Machiavellista	Machiavellist	OD: 429
87	Makkiya (BOT)	Macchia	Macchia (botanical term)	OD: 429
88	Mandolina (MUS)	Mandolino	Mandolin (musical instrument)	OD: 432
[	Mandolinaçalan	< Mandolino	Mandolin player	OD: 432
	Mandolinaçı	< Mandolino	Mandolin player	OD: 432]
89	Marina (PITT, ART)	Marina	Marine (canvas with image of the sea)	OD: 433
90	Marinist (LETT)	Marinista	Marinist (artist creating pictures of the sea).	OD: 433
91	Marinizm (POLIT)	Marinismo	Marinism ( literary current of imitators of the poet Marino)	OD: 433
92	Maskaron (ARCH)	Mascherone	The sculptural decoration in the form of 13 masks with images of the human or animal face.	OD: 434
93	Mayolika (CERAM)	Maiolica	Majolica (ceramic from color clay)	OD: 436
94	Messo (MUS)	Mezzo	Mezzo	OD: 438
95	Messo-soprano (MUS)	Mezzosoprano	Mezzo-soprano	OD: 438
96	Messo-tinto (PITT)	Mezzotinto	Mezzotint	OD: 438
97	Netto (COMM)	Netto	Pure weight	OD: 479
98	Nonet (MUS)	Nonetto	Musical composition for nine instruments or voices.	OD: 487
99	Novella (LETT)	Novella	Novella	OD: 487
[	Novellaçı	< Novella	Novellist	OD: 487
	Novella-dram	< Novella	Novella-drama	OD: 487
	Novella-xatirə	< Novella	Novella-reminiscence	OD: 487
	Novella-oçerk	< Novella	Novella-essay	OD: 487]
100	Oktet (MUS)	Ottetto	Octet	OD: 493
101	Opera (MUS)	Opera	Opera	OD: 495
102	Opera-balet (MUS, COR)	Opera-balletto	Opera-ballet	OD: 495
103	Opera-buff (MUS)	Opera buffa	Opera-buff	OD: 495
[	Operaçılıq	< Opera	Composing opera	OD: 495]
104	Opera-dram (MUS)	Opera-dramma	Opera-drama	OD: 495
[	Opera-əfsanə	< Opera	Opera-legend	OD: 495]
105	Opera-kantata (MUS)	Opera-cantata	Opera-cantata	OD: 495
106	Opera-komediya (MUS)	Opera-comedia	Opera-comedy	OD: 495
[	Operalaşma	< Opera	Turning into opera, becoming like opera	OD: 495
	Opera-nağıl	< Opera	Opera-tale	OD: 495]
107	Opera-oratoriya (MUS)	Opera-oratorio	Opera-oratorio	OD: 495
108	Opera-poema (MUS)	Opera-poema	Opera-poem	OD: 495
[	Operasevər	< Opera	Opera lover, opera fan	OD: 495
	Operavarı	< Opera	Like opera, similar to opera	OD: 495]
109	Opera-vodevil (MUS)	Opera-vaudeville	Opera-vaudeville	OD: 495
110	Operetta (MUS)	Operetta	Operetta	OD: 495
111	Passakalya (MUS)	Passacaglia	Old dance of Hispanic origin.	OD: 512
112	Pasta (GASTR)	Pasta	Pasta	OD: 512
113	Pianino (MUS)	Pianino	Piano (musical instrument)	OD: 520
[	Pianinoçalan	< Pianino	Pianist, piano player.	OD: 520
	Pianoçu	< Piano	Pianist (see Pianoçalan)	OD: 520
	Pianoçu-illüstrator	< Piano	Pianist-illustrator	OD: 520
	Pianoçuluq	< Piano	The profession of pianist	OD: 520]
114	Pizza (GASTR)	Pizza	Pizza	Pers. com.
115	Plastilin (ART)	Plastilina	Plasticine (mass from clay, wax and oil).	OD: 523
116	Pomidor (BOT)	Pomidoro	Tomatoes	OD: 526
[	Pomidorlu	< Pomidoro	With tomatoes	OD: 526
	Pomidoryığan	< Pomidoro	Collector of tomatoes	OD: 526
	Pomodorluq	< Pomidoro	Tomatoes plantation	OD: 526]
117	Primadonna (TEATRO)	Primadonna	Prima Donna	OD: 529
118	Saldo (FIN)	Saldo	Balance	OD: 550
119	Salto	Salto	Somersault	OD: 551
120	Solo (MUS)	Solo	Solo	OD: 580
121	Spagetti (GASTR)	Spaghetti	Spaghetti	OD: 585
122	Ssenari (TEATRO)	Scenario	Scenario	OD: 585
[	Ssenariçilik	< Scenario	Producing of scenario	OD: 585]
123	Ssenarist (TEATRO)	Scenarista	Scenarist	OD: 585
[	Ssenaristlik	< Scenario	Producing of scenario	OD: 585]
124	Temp	Tempo	Rate	OD: 621
125	Tenor (MUS)	Tenore	Tenor	OD: 621
126	Tenor-bariton (MUS)	Tenore-baritono	Tenor-baritone	OD: 621
127	Terrakota (CERAM)	Terracotta	Terracotta	OD: 622
128	Unison (MUS)	Unison	Unison	OD: 655
129	Viola (MUS)	Viola	Viola	OD: 674
130	Violonçel (MUS)	Violoncello	Violoncello	OD: 674
[	Violonçelçalan	Violoncellista	Violoncellist	OD: 674
	Violonçelçi	Violoncellista	Violoncellist	OD: 674]

REFERENCES

Alakbarov, Farid

2000 The Institute of Manuscripts: Early Alphabets in Azerbaijan, «Azerbaijan International Magazine», 8.1: 50-53.

Efendiyev, Oktay

1981 The Azerbaijani Safavid State in the Beginning of the 16^th Century, Baku, Elm [in Russian].

Glossary of Foreign Words

Glossary of Foreign Words, Moscow, Russkiy Yazik Press, 1989¹⁸ [in Russian].

History of Azerbaijan

History of Azerbaijan, Ed. Igrar Aliyev, Baku, Elm Press, 2002, 3. voll. [in Azeri].

Italian-Azeri and Azeri-Italian Dictionary

Italian-Azeri and Azeri-Italian Dictionary, Baku, 2006.

Kalankatuaci, Moses

1961 History of the Caucasian Albanians, Translated by C.J.F. Dowset, London, Oxford University Press.

OD

Orthographical Dictionary of Azeri, Ed. A. Akhundov, Baku, Lider Press, 2004 [in Azeri].

Petrushevski, I.P.

1949 Azerbaijani States in the 15^th century, in Collection of Articles on the History of Azerbaijan, Part. 1, Baku 1949: 179 P. [in Russian].

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